E=mc2

HOW WAVE ENERGY BECOMES
MATTER AND GROWS.

    Temperature – heat and cold – is secondary only to gravity in the area of energy and matter evolution. Heat is the measure of electronic activity, while cold signifies absence of heat – comparative energy rest. The suns can transform matter into the various forms of energy, and all outer space can slow down electronic activity to the point of converting these energies into matter. Electronic associations as well as other associations of nuclear matter are formed in the very low temperatures of open space.


                                    CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER

The following divisions of matter are present in the suns, planets, and other space bodies:

1. Sub-electronic matter--the explosive and repellent stage of the solar supergases.
2. Electronic matter--the electrical stage of material differentiation--electrons, protons, and various other units entering into the varied constitution of the electronic groups.
3. Sub-atomic matter--matter existing extensively in the interior of the hot suns.
4. Shattered atoms--found in the cooling suns and throughout space.
5. Ionized matter--individual atoms stripped of their outer (chemically active) electrons by electrical, thermal, or X-ray activities and by solvents.
6. Atomic matter--the chemical stage of elemental organization, the component units of molecular or visible matter.
7. The molecular stage of matter--matter as it exists on planets in a state of relatively stable materialization under ordinary conditions.
8. Radioactive matter--the disorganizing tendency and activity of the heavier elements under conditions of moderate heat and diminished gravity pressure.
9. Collapsed matter--the relatively stationary matter found in the interior of the cold or dead suns.

                             ENERGY AND MATTER TRANSMUTATIONS

     The foundation of the universe is material in the sense that energy is the basis of all existence. Light, heat, electricity, magnetism, and matter are different manifestations of the same thing. Wave-like energy manifestations can be classified into the following groups:

1. The short space rays. These are the shortest of all purely electronic vibrations and represent the pre-atomic stage of this form of matter. These rays require extraordinarily high or low temperatures for their production. There are two sorts of these space rays: one attendant upon the birth of atoms and the other indicative of atomic disruption. They emanate in the largest quantities from the densest plane of the universe, the Milky Way, which is also the densest plane of the outer universes.

2. The electronic stage. This stage of energy is the basis of matter formation. When electrons pass from higher to lower energy levels of orbital revolution, quanta are always given off. Orbital shifting of electrons results in the ejection or the absorption of very definite and uniform measurable particles of light-energy, while the individual electron always gives up a particle of light-energy when subjected to collision. Wavelike energy manifestations also attend upon the performances of the positive bodies (positrons) and the other members of the electronic stage.

3. Gamma rays--those emanations which characterize the spontaneous dissociation of atomic matter. The best illustration of this form of electronic activity is in the phenomena associated with radium disintegration.

4. The X-ray group. The next step in the slowing down of the electron yields the various forms of solar X rays together with artificially generated X rays. The electronic charge creates an electric field; movement gives rise to an electric current; the current produces a magnetic field. When an electron is suddenly stopped, the resultant electromagnetic commotion produces the X ray; the X ray is that disturbance. The solar X rays are identical with those which are mechanically generated for exploring the interior of the human body except that they are a trifle longer.

5. The ultraviolet or chemical rays of sunlight and the various mechanical productions.

6. The white light--the whole visible light of the suns.

7. Infrared rays--the slowing down of electronic activity still nearer the stage of appreciable heat.

8. Hertzian waves--those energies for radio broadcasting.

Of all these phases of wavelike energy activity, the human eye can react to just one octave, the whole light of ordinary sunlight.

           I. PARTICLES ARE HARMONICALLY VIBRATING
                                     SUPERSTRINGS

                                           There is geometry in the ringing of the strings.
                                           There is harmony in the spacing of the spheres.
                                                                                               Pythagoras


    The search for one set of equations with which to describe all the particles and forces in Nature was the impetus that led to superstring theory and the discovery of the harmonic nature of the universe. This search was begun by Albert Einstein because he could not accept that Nature had two sets of laws: one for the smallest particles of matter, and one for the largest. Since the mathematics of quantum physics and general relativity were incompatible, he attempted during the last thirty years of his life to formulate a single, ultimate theory that would unify the two and give a comprehensive explanation of the nature of all energy, forces, and matter. His quest for a unified field theory made him wonder whether God could have made the universe any other way. Although unsuccessful in this quest, he laid the foundations for subsequent investigations.

    During the 1970s and early ‘80s, a coherent atomic theory of electrons and quarks (particles that make up protons and neutrons) and the forces that govern them was developed. Called the Standard Model, the theory described the interactions of these fundamental point-like particles and unified the electromagnetic, strong, and weak forces. (These are carried by photons, gluons, and W⁺,W^- and Z^o particles respectively.) Although self-consistent, this model did not include the force of gravity.

    Superstring theory, the theory that includes gravity, was first proposed in the 1970s by the Hungarian-born physicist John Schwarz. In the mid-1980s, the Indian physicist Abhay Ashketar, the American physicist Lee Smolin and the Italian physicist Carlo Rovelli developed a set of equations - which turned out to resemble those of knot theory - in which matter, at its most fundamental level, was composed of vibrating loops. A mathematically consistent model that included the four fundamental forces emerged when their diameter was taken to be equal to the Planck’s length (10^-33 cm. or 10^-34 in. long, but without width or height), the size derived from the smallest unit of energy in the Universe, the quantum. Named after its discoverer, the German physicist and Nobel laureate Max Planck, at this length the four forces become virtually equal in strength, thus reconciling the quantum nature of matter and the space-time of gravity.

    In the early 1990s, the American theoretical physicist Brian Greene and the American mathematicians David Morrison, Paul Aspinwall and   Edward Witten, one of the early leaders in superstring theory, showed that, at the Planck’s length, the fabric of space-time tears and reconnects. Carrying enormous tension (10³⁹ tons) and huge mass, when subjected to large bursts of energy, these minute loops split and rejoin, changing the structure of space-time and making it foamy. The discovery of the existence of these topology-changing transitions, as they are called, has fundamentally altered Einstein’s general relativity concept of space-time as a smooth and unbroken surface. 

String loops split and rejoin                   Empty space is a foaming sea

   
      The theory states that the masses of the subatomic particles and their force charges are determined by the  resonant harmonic patterns of the high-speed vibrations produced by the geometrical form of the six-dimensional Calabi-Yau shapes. (Named after their discoverers, the mathematicians Eugenio Calabi and Shing-Tung Yau, the mathematics resolve the incompatibility between general relativity and quantum mechanics, providing for spaces where the six-dimensions required by the equations of the theory can curl up. The shapes of the spaces are not arbitrary but are defined by the equations.) According to the theory, the much smaller masses of the particles result from negative quantum fluctuations which offset the huge positive energy produced by the strings' immense tension and mass. For less exact cancellations, quarks, electrons, photons and other particles are produced. With an exact cancellation the zero-mass of the graviton is obtained. (Gravitons have not yet been detected but are thought to be the particles that carry the gravitational force.)

      The equations developed thus far have yielded different solutions, suggesting that there is more than one string theory. In fact, five have been identified thus far. Nevertheless, despite the mathematical differences, it was discovered that the physical consequences were identical, making each theory dual to some other (principle of duality). Greene and others have predicted the existence of a theory described by one simple equation that would intergate the five. This core theory has been named M-theory (for mother or meta). To illustrate the point, Greene uses the starfish as an example. Each of the five string theories is one of the arms of a five-armed starfish. The body is the M-theory.  

     The existence of extra curled-up dimensions was demonstrated in 1919 by the Polish mathematician Theodor Kaluza who combined Einstein's general relativity with Maxwell's electromagnetic theory; it was refined a few years later by the Swedish mathematician Oskar Klein. To illustrate the concept a garden hose was chosen. Viewed from afar it looks like a long, one-dimensional object. From up close, however, or with an instrument of magnification, the second dimension, the circular dimension of the hose, can also be seen. The hose will either appear as one or two-dimensional, depending on the refinement of the observation. The Kaluza-Klein theory states that the same thing can be true of the universe. According to the theory, the ultra small, lumpy, six-dimensional structures are curled up on the otherwise smooth surface grid of space-time.

                   II. HARMONICALLY VIBRATING LOOPS
                MOVING IN SPACE-TIME MAKE 3D PATTERNS.

     All objects have a frequency or set of frequencies with which they naturally vibrate when struck, plucked, or given an impulse; these are the natural frequencies. A standing wave pattern is produced by each of the natural frequencies at which an object vibrates. When an object is forced into resonance vibrations at one of its natural frequencies, it vibrates in a manner such that a standing wave is formed within the whole object. (A standing wave pattern is described as a vibrational pattern created within a medium when the vibrational frequency of a source causes reflected waves from one end of the medium to interfere with incident waves from the source in such a manner that specific points along the medium appear to be standing still. Such patterns are only created within the medium at specific frequencies of vibration; these frequencies are known as harmonic frequencies, the first harmonic being the fundamental.)

     Electromagnetic waves are structureless but can be confined within a volume of space if its dimensions are multiples of Planck's half wavelength, thus forming a standing wave. A wave produced in a space by a harmonically vibrating loop is a shape in motion that produces a musical note and makes a 3D structure. The frequency of the vibration produces a specific tone or overtone, as well as the shape of the structure: in 2D a triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, or other polygon; in 3D a tetrahedron, cube, or other polyhedron. The higher the frequency, the more complex the shape. (A polyhedron is a symmetric solid bounded by polygons.)

      In his general treatise on acoustics (1787), the German physicist Ernst Chladni gave evidence for the first time of the relationship between harmonic vibrations and geometric patterns. He illustrated it with diagrams of the vibrations of thin metal plates. For these experiments he covered the plates with a thin layer of sand and made them vibrate by striking them with a violin bow. The vibrations displaced the sand toward the locations on the plate where the waves in the metal formed "nodes.". Chladni analized these sand patterns, classified them according to shape and tried to understand the relationship with their corresponding pitch. He concluded that a vibrating plate generates a set of tones (fundamental and harmonics) that corresponds with the harmonic series produced by a vibrating string.